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The history of the CSNET is a story of enterprising academic entrepreneurship, and yet another example of
TCP/IP's inexorable drive to spread. Vannevar Bush wrote the first visionary description of the potential uses for
information technology with his description of the "memex" automated library system. Wiener changed the way
everyone thought about computer technology, influencing several later developers of the Internet, most notably
J.C.R. Licklider. To meet this need, ARPA established the IPTO in 1962 with a mandate to build a survivable
computer network to interconnect the DoD's main computers at the Pentagon. Like Norbert Wiener and J.C.R.
Licklider, McLuhan made a study of the extrapolation of current trends in technology, and specialized in the
effects on human communications. In 1970, Davies helped build a packet switched network called the Mark I to serve
the NPL. He developed his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and then published a comprehensive analytical
treatment of digital networks in his book Communication Nets in 1964. The Interface Message Processor provided a
system independent interface to the ARPANET that could be used by any computer system. Most university computers
that were connected to it were moved to networks connected to the NSFNET, passing the torch from the old network to
the new. In 1975, a two-network TCP/IP communications test was performed by establishment of a link between
Stanford and University College London. Starting in 1979, the National Science foundation (NSF) funded development
of the CSNET to link computer science departments in universities not connected to the ARPANET. Shortly thereafter
in 1989, John Gamble, the new CERN TCP/IP Coordinator, connected their network to the EUnet, thereby providing full
TCP/IP connectivity to the ARPANET. Partly in fulfillment of that dream, he invented the first graphical user
interface and computer mouse.
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