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The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at
an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences. Wiener developed this
concept into the field of cybernetics, concerning the combination of man and electronics, which he first published
in 1948 in the book Cybernetics. From its inception ARPA significantly funded many US university research labs, and
as early as 1968 had a close relationship with Carnegie-Mellon University. He took great satisfaction years later
when medical studies showed that TV does in fact cause people to settle into passive brain wave patterns. Donald
Davies and his colleagues at the UK National Physical Laboratory independently discovered the idea of packet
switching, and later created a smaller scale packet-switched version of the ARPANET. In October, 1968, Roberts gave
a contract to Kleinrock's NMC as the ideal group to perform ARPANET performance measurement and find areas for
improvement. In July, 1968, the IPTO sent a Request For Quotation for the development of an Interface Message
Processor to 140 companies. By the end of 1972 there were 24 sites on the ARPANET, including the Department of
Defense, the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Federal Reserve Board. To emphasize the point, they
disabled NCP again for two days later that autumn. One of the immediate consequences of the award was the
connection of three universities to the ARPANET that became the core of the CSNET. In 1984, the NSF began
construction of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US
research community. In the 1980's, the Web itself was invented by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau in Europe,
and then rapidly spread around the world over the Internet. He demonstrated the mouse, the first working form of
hypertext, and a form of video teleconferencing.
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