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The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence conference crystallized the concept that technology was improving at an exponential rate, and provided the first serious consideration of the consequences. Wiener developed this concept into the field of cybernetics, concerning the combination of man and electronics, which he first published in 1948 in the book Cybernetics. From its inception ARPA significantly funded many US university research labs, and as early as 1968 had a close relationship with Carnegie-Mellon University. He took great satisfaction years later when medical studies showed that TV does in fact cause people to settle into passive brain wave patterns. Donald Davies and his colleagues at the UK National Physical Laboratory independently discovered the idea of packet switching, and later created a smaller scale packet-switched version of the ARPANET. In October, 1968, Roberts gave a contract to Kleinrock's NMC as the ideal group to perform ARPANET performance measurement and find areas for improvement. In July, 1968, the IPTO sent a Request For Quotation for the development of an Interface Message Processor to 140 companies. By the end of 1972 there were 24 sites on the ARPANET, including the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Federal Reserve Board. To emphasize the point, they disabled NCP again for two days later that autumn. One of the immediate consequences of the award was the connection of three universities to the ARPANET that became the core of the CSNET. In 1984, the NSF began construction of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In the 1980's, the Web itself was invented by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau in Europe, and then rapidly spread around the world over the Internet. He demonstrated the mouse, the first working form of hypertext, and a form of video teleconferencing.