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Ed Krol was the network manager for the NCSA when the contract was received to establish the NSFNET, and led the team in the network development. EUnet primarily supported the X.25 protocol, which was packet oriented like the Internet's TCP/IP, but used mainly for point-to-point commercial communications. Douglas Engelbart invented the mouse, the graphical user interface, and the first working hypertext system. Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching invented by Paul Baran at RAND, and a few years later by Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. Thanks in part to Vannevar Bush's funding, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) became a hotbed of advanced research. In the early 1970's the word defense was prefixed to the name, and ARPA became known as DARPA. His insights were revolutionary at the time, and fundamentally changed how everyone has thought about media, technology, and communications ever since. Each group was given a budget thirty to forty times as large as a normal research grant. He led the CSTB work in 1988 to lay out the framework for today's Gigabit Internet networks. The ARPANET was the first wide area packet switching network, the Eve network of what has evolved into the Internet we know and love today. exchange of electronic mail that could be easily disconnected for security reasons if required. The interoperability demonstration was successful, validating TCP/IP's open design and showing that the network standard could become a multi-vendor product. Eventually a host was also established at Wisconsin-Madison to provide dial-in and network access to the ARPANET as well.